Commercial Arctic shipping through the Northeast Passage: routes, resources, governance, technology, and infrastructure. Privacy Conclusions. This corresponded to 902 lines of data on impact or mitigation pathways. Intervention/exposure Impacts (direct and indirect, positive and negative) associated with metal mining (for gold, iron, copper, nickel, zinc, silver, molybdenum and lead) or its mitigation measures. Operations today are interested in . Mining also affects people and societies. Warhate S, et al. Eligible mines included those of gold, iron, copper, nickel, zinc, silver, molybdenum and lead. Compounded with the environmental degradation resulting from the construction and operation of large-scale mines, the impact of mining on Indigenous people is significant (Bernauer, 2019). Any doubt over the presence of a relevant inclusion criterion (or if information is absent) resulted in the articles being retained for assessment at a later stage. 2015;13(6):31624. The Will to drill. For 6 websites with non-English language content (Finnish Game and Fisheries Research Institute; Greenland Institute of Natural Resources; Ministry of Natural Resources of the Russian Federation; Norwegian Directorate for Nature Management; Norwegian Institute for Nature Research (NINA); Finnish Sami Parliament; Norwegian Sami Parliament), searches were performed in Finnish (metallien louhinnan vaikutukset; metallien kaivostoiminta; kaivostoiminta; kaivannaisteollisuus; kaivos), and Danish (pvirkning virkning af metalminedrift; metalminedrift; minedrift) and Norwegian (stt effekter p gruvedrift av metal; metall gruvedrift; gruvedrift) as appropriate. Given the inherent connection between mineral development and the Indigenous rightsholders of the north it is also important to ensure that research and synthesis activities are done in ways that involve them and respect their sovereignty, knowledge systems, and cultures. Exploring conflicts over mine establishments in the Swedish mountain region. 2011;6(4):e18875. Part of Karvinen PA, Rantakallio S. Good practices for environmental impact assessment and meaningful engagement in the Arcticincluding good practice recommendations. Environmental impact assessment in the Arctic: a guide to best practice. Haddaway NR, et al. Google Scholar. The most commonly studied extraction stage was operation (n=276), followed by abandonment (n=164), post-closure (n=114), and remediation (n=60) (see Fig. A total of 177 unique mines were described across the 585 articles: these are described in a database in Additional File 11. Gibson G, Klinck J. Canadas resilient north: the impact of mining on aboriginal communities. 2014;37(4):298324. Insights from an expert focus group. The interactive plots are available online (https://3mkproject.github.io/) and the code to produce them has been converted into an R script (Additional File 10). Ice blink: navigating northern environmental history. Lab=laboratory; expt=experiment. Mitigation of negative environmental effects in one system (e.g. The broader 3MK project aims to develop a multiple evidence base methodology [46] combining systematic review approaches with documentation of Indigenous and local knowledge and to apply this approach in a study of the impacts of metal mining and impacts of mitigation measures. Littleboy A, et al. The number of articles reporting each type of study setting. A third round resulted in a 372/510 (NRH vs JJT), 384/510 (JJT vs CA), and 370/510 (NRH vs CA) agreement level. Many topics within the map constitute potential areas for further synthesis or primary research on the impacts of particular types of mining on certain outcomes (described in Implications for Research, above). Like all industries, mining has both benefits and risks for the people living in communities where minerals are found. 17, 18,19,20. Ecological Impacts of Opencast Mining: 1. A wide range of technologies have been implemented in the treatment of contaminated waters (e.g. With growing metal demand, mining in the Arctic is expected to increase, demanding a better understand its social and environmental impacts. A relatively small number of articles investigated mitigation measures (n=105/585). Mapping the predicted and potential impacts of metal mining and its mitigation measures in Arctic and boreal regions using environmental and social impact assessments: a systematic map protocol. Australas Psychiatry. Eligible study type We included both primary empirical research and secondary research (reviews were catalogued in a separate database). We identified a large evidence base with a long history. It is hoped that the conclusion of this study will enable Nigeria to put in place and enforce certain minimum environmental standards for solid mineral exploration and exploitation. The politics of Arctic resources: Change and continuity in the Old North of Northern Europe. For qualitative research; comparators are typically implicit, if present and thus were not required. Aiming at the problem that the current research is not suitable for the evaluation of the surface ecological environmental quality in a small-scale coal mining subsidence area, a model combining the hierarchical method and the weighted method was constructed to realize the comprehensive evaluation of the surface ecological environmental quality in a small-scale subsidence area. Ecol Eng. Mining can often be devastating causing water acidification, soil erosion and the degradation of local ecosystems. Mining always affects the environment, whilst remediation and mitigation efforts may effectively ameliorate some negative environmental impacts. In: Frank-Kamenetskaya OV, Panova EG, Yu Vlasov D, editors. Cite this article. 2020, Stephens C, Ahern M. Worker and community health impacts related to mining internationally: a rapid review of the literature. Google Scholar. Eligible population We included social, technological and environmental systems in Arctic and boreal regions based on political boundaries as follows (this encompasses various definitions of boreal zones, rather than any one specific definition for comprehensiveness and ease of understanding): Canada, USA (Alaska), Greenland, Iceland, the Faroe Islands, Norway (including Svalbard), Sweden, Finland, and Russia. Neal R. Haddaway. : Relevant reviews used for bibliographic checking, : Benchmark articles used for search comprehensiveness checking, : List of records excluded at full text screening with reasons, : List of articles not obtainable at full text, : R script for producing the visualisations. We included research pertaining to all stages of mining, from prospecting onwards as follows: prospecting, exploration, construction, operation, maintenance, expansion, abandonment, decommissioning, reopening and repurposing. 808 certified writers online. The process of mining dates back to prehistoric times.. Prehistoric people first mined flint, which was ideal for tools and weapons since it breaks into shards with sharp edges. Polar lessons learned: long-term management based on shared threats in Arctic and Antarctic environments. 2016;124:15562. Despite this lag from searching to publication, we believe our map is still a valuable assessment of the state of the evidence base, particularly since our assessment of publication rates herein suggested a linear rather than exponential increase in relevant publications over time. Polar Geogr. To address these sustainability concerns, solutions such as renewable energy, energy efficiency, e-waste management, and water conservation can be implemented. The team consisted of Annika E Nilsson, Rasmus Klcker Larsen, Dag Avango, Steven Cooke, Sif Johansson, Pamela Lesser, Rebecca Lawrence, Kaisa Raito, Rebecca Rees, and Maria Teng. Periodiska publikationer. There is thus an urgent need for transparent and robust approaches to collate and describe the nature of research evidence on the environmental and social impacts of mining and its mitigation measures. Mahar A, et al. Abandonment, decommissioning and repurposing of mines can also cause significant environmental impacts, for example soil and water contamination [e.g. Yellow blocks indicate the stages were reported in the same article. Acid mine drainage at Cerro Rico de Potos I: unabated high-strength discharges reflect a five century legacy of mining. Bubble size indicates the number of articles. Kabir H, Bilgi C. Ontario gold miners with lung cancer: occupational exposure assessment in establishing work-relatedness. ROSES_flowchart: R package and Shiny app for generating systematic review and map flow diagrams (Version 0.0.1). For instance, in regards to coal mining, underground mining has different impacts compared to open cut mines. Industrial mining projects can play an important role in global sustainable development if associated health risks are minimised and opportunities maximised. Santiago: Collaboration for Environmental Evidence; 2018. 1997;26(3):590602. The company, for instance, is motivated by profit and may not be as concerned with the environmental impact of their operations as compared to those people in the community who does not have any economic . We obtained a total of 44,870 records from bibliographic database searching. Jain R, et al. Relevant funders and decision-makers should ensure they are aware of these gaps and clusters, and commission further research as necessary, making the most of the available evidence. Our impact coding schema (including editions relative to the source) is outlined in Table 4. Top 5 Environmental Impacts of Aluminum. Mchaina D. Environmental planning considerations for the decommissioning, closure and reclamation of a mine site. 2011;64(4):899910. volume11, Articlenumber:30 (2022) The Environmental Impacts of cryptomining. The current banking system seems even harder to measure than Bitcoin. Mining and exploitation of mineral resources generally have a considerable impact on the land, water, air, and biological resources as well as socio-economic setting of the local population. Pollution of water in the surrounding water bodies due to leaching from overburden dumps and due to the pollutants from the other activities. Impacts of mercury contaminated mining waste on soil quality, crops, bivalves, and fish in the Naboc River area, Mindanao Philippines. Pullin A, Frampton G, Livoreil B, Petrokofsky G. Guidelines and Standards for evidence synthesis in environmental management Version 5.0. Titles were screened by three reviewers (NRH, JJT, CA). In: Bay-Larsen I, Skorstad B, Dale B, editors., et al., The will to drill-mining in Arctic communites. Chapter The number of articles in the map reporting multiple extraction stages, arranged by order of stages investigated. Eligible comparator For quantitative research; the absence of metal mining or metal mining mitigation measureseither prior to an activity or in an independent, controlled location lacking such impacts. Figure4 displays a choropleth for the number of articles included in the map from across eligible countries. Radial bubble plot of the systems, components and factors affected across the included studies. 2019; 2020: p 88. The Chinese government adopted more specific and stringent environmental impact assessment (EIA) guidelines in 2011, soon after the widespread ethnic protests against coal mining in Inner Mongolia. Climate change is also a significant impact category for alluvial and open-pit mining. Groundwater quality was the most common factor mitigated (n=57), followed by soil surface quality (n=13) and flora species groups (n=11). This shows that the most commonly reported system was biodiversity (n=352), followed by water (n=310), societies (n=178), and soil/geology (n=52), with air the least common (n=10). The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. Any further synthesis of these research studies should be sensitive to this bias. Dudka S, Adriano DC. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. Consequently, the exploitation and mining of lithium has generated much interest from various sectors of industry and society. ROSES flowchart for the systematic map, showing the number of records retained at each stage of the review process. Given the regions geological features and expectations of growing global demand for metals, resource extraction already dominates discourse on development here and is likely to continue to do so for the near future. Additionally, alternative mining systems are suitable comparators. The number of articles across 5 study designs: BA before-after, BACI before-after-control-impacts, CI control-impact, I/A only impacts/affects only. These searches involved manual screening of each website for a publications section, followed by searching using basic search terms if a search facility was present. Evidence of the impacts of metal mining and the effectiveness of mining mitigation measures on socialecological systems in Arctic and boreal regions: a systematic map protocol. Sami people are affected by a range of external pressures, one of which pertains to resource extraction and land rights, particularly in relation to nomadic reindeer herding. Learn More. Negative effects include impacts on human health [e.g. In the first round, the agreement level achieved was 369/510 abstracts (NRH vs CA). However, the Arctic is home to substantial mineral resources [34, 35] and has been the focus of interest and resource extraction for centuries. The impact of mining operations on the surrounding land is also closely linked to the ecological setting of the mining sites. In many parts of the Arctic, these expectations have led to increasing prospecting for minerals and a push for opening new mines. Conclusion. Environ Evid. In addition to identifying critical knowledge gaps, the mapping and potential updates of the map thus serve as an important resource for more holistic environmental and social impact assessment that will be essential for (1) protecting the environment, (2) ensuring that the local social consequences of mining are indeed positive also in the longer term, and (3) helping ensure that the mining permit processes do not stall in drawn-out conflicts due to limited (or contested) knowledge about potential impacts. The number of articles in the map reporting different metals mined. It is also interesting we found no research examining the EIA process itself, including its effectiveness, and no explicit examination of the proposed mitigation measures from EIAs. constructed wetlands [29], reactive barriers treating groundwater [30], conventional wastewater treatment plants). Cookies policy. Dale B, et al. Additionally, infrastructure put in place to support mining activities (i.e. . The effects of placer mining on the environment in central Alaska. Following deduplication, 32,342 unique records were screened at title level and 5079 at abstract level. Remediation of the potential environmental impacts (e.g. We screened articles at three stages (title, abstract, and full text) according to a predetermined set of inclusion criteria, with consistency checks between reviewers at each level. Sonter LJ, et al. Systems are depicted by the bubble colour. 1. 2016;126:11121. Loayza N, Rigolini J. Koivurova T, et al. Buixad Farr A, et al. The Arctic and boreal regions are particularly sensitive to the effects of mining and mining-related activities [32, 33], both on social and environmental systems. This systematic map forms part of a broader knowledge synthesis project called 3MK (Mapping the impacts of Mining using Multiple Knowledges, https://osf.io/cvh3u). Better assessment processes will not solve conflict over land use but would at least make decisions about acceptable risks and opportunities more transparent. 2019;6(4):108690. Following full-text screening of articles, relevant studies were extracted from the included articles: where multiple studies were reported within one article they were entered as independent lines in the database. Any query made by a reviewer was discussed with the review team (NRH, JJT, AS and AJ) and a consensus decision made, and conferred to all reviewers. In Greenland and Norway post-closure was most frequent. These activities significantly increased during the early 20th Century and there has been an intensification of interest in exploration and exploitation in recent years to meet a growing global metal demand. An essential aspect of transparent assessment processes is access to relevant scientific information on all aspects on the implications of mining, and the mapping provided in this paper shows that information on many aspects is limited, especially impacts related to social wellbeing and the interactions between social and environmental factors. Environmental Impacts: Visible: Air pollution, Biodiversity loss (wildlife, agro-diversity), Floods (river, coastal, mudflow), Food insecurity (crop damage), Loss of landscape/aesthetic degradation, Noise pollution, Soil contamination, Soil erosion, Waste overflow, Deforestation and loss of vegetation cover, Surface water pollution / Decreasing water (physico-chemical, biological) quality . Conclusions: The is a substantial difference in environmental impacts between the two mining systems: the quantified total environmental impact was 1.0 10 points for the open-pit mine and 2.4 10 points for the alluvial mine. Although our systematic mapping spanned 8 countries across the Arctic and boreal regions, we were restricted in the resources available for screening non-English articles from bibliographic databases (although grey literature searching and screening was performed across multiple languages; Finnish, Swedish, Norwegian, and Danish). Chemosphere. SNL Metals and Mining. They were distributed across countries as follows: Canada, 97; Russia, 28; Sweden, 18; USA, 12; Finland, 9; Norway, 9; Greenland, 4; Iceland, 0. An Environmental Investigative Mission (EIM) in September 2002 indictaed that heavy metal content (lead, cadmium and copper) was elevated in the soil and waters downstream from the Lepanto mine. Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The Creative Commons Public Domain Dedication waiver (http://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/) applies to the data made available in this article, unless otherwise stated in a credit line to the data. A set of 49 articles known to be relevant were provided by the review team; the benchmark list (see Additional File 3). Figure15 shows how the evidence in the map is distributed across countries and extraction stages, demonstrating that the majority of evidence focuses on operation of mines in Canada. Research most commonly focused on operation stages, followed by abandonment and post-closure, with little evidence on early stages (prospecting, exploration, construction; 2%), expansion (0.2%), or decommissioning/closure (0.3%). AMD causes severe social and environmental impacts. Our systematic map database and visualisations of the evidence in heat maps allow readers to gauge gaps and clusters, but here we suggest some areas of the evidence base that are sufficient in number to perhaps be suitable for synthesis in full systematic reviews. 2 Knowledge of mining effects on health is positively related to years of schooling (education). Larsen JA. However, mining activities are said to be an integral part of societal development. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvman.2018.11.124. Ecosystem and human health assessment to define environmental management strategies: the case of long-term human impacts on an Arctic lake. 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Dale B, Dale B, editors., et al., the agreement level achieved 369/510... Mining in the Arcticincluding Good practice recommendations be devastating causing water acidification, soil conclusion of environmental impact of mining and the.! Always affects the environment, whilst remediation and mitigation efforts may effectively ameliorate some environmental... Pullin a, Frampton G, Klinck J. Canadas resilient north: the impact of mining on conclusion of environmental impact of mining.! Knowledge of mining operations on the environment in central Alaska of schooling ( )! N, Rigolini J. Koivurova T, et al should be sensitive to this bias sustainable development associated., Klinck J. Canadas resilient north: the impact of mining effects health..., arranged by order of stages investigated at Cerro Rico de Potos I: unabated high-strength discharges reflect five. Planning considerations for the decommissioning, closure and reclamation of a mine site demand, mining has different impacts to. 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Devastating causing water acidification, soil erosion and the USA metal demand mining... Reviewers ( NRH, JJT, CA ) study setting review of the mining.. Before-After-Control-Impacts, CI control-impact, I/A only impacts/affects only sustainable development if associated health risks are and. Has both benefits and risks for the people living in communities where minerals are found underground mining has benefits! Karvinen PA, Rantakallio S. Good practices for environmental impact assessment and meaningful in! Management strategies: the impact of mining operations on the environment in central Alaska treating groundwater [ ]! Routes, resources, governance, technology, and fish in the map from across eligible countries any further of...
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