design and construction of laboratory gas pipelines pdf

Part 1. Vent the waste carbon dioxide to a safe area by using a connecting flexible hose to the exterior of the work area or by avoiding openended tubes that terminate within the workspace. It should include a gas monitoring system with audible and visual alarms located inside and externally to the area including a manual activation point within the storage area preferably near the exit. However, higher exposure above 10% will cause unconsciousness. The ASTM G series publications [1418] are of particular assistance for these types of installations. stream Gas Data: Inert Gases 253 5.10.6 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 5.10.6.1 COPPER TUBE Copper tube for use with gaseous oxygen should be as supplied for medical grade gases in an oxygen clean state is suitable for the majority of oxygen gas pipelines [19, 61]. The third variable is what materials the pump will need to extract, e.g., air, air containing vaporized liquids, air water mixes or vaporized aggressive chemicals. 2.2.7.2PRICE The price of any compressor is always a major concern. The selection of the correct vacuum pumps for the function should be based on the long-term operating costs plus maximizing features that provide real advantages f-or future repairs and maintenance. A risk assessment should be performed to determine whether continuous monitoring is required. Gay Lussacs law states that the pressure of a given amount of gas held at constant volume is directly proportional to the temperature in degrees Kelvin. A full cylinder of acetylene (approximately 7,000 liters) can supply 700 liters of gas for the first hour, during the second hour this volume is reduced to 630 liters of gas and reduces continuously during use. It is recommended to design any system using this gas as flammable and make allowances to assume that equipment included in the pipeline design is the same as would be used for hydrogen. The choice of equipment available in the local marketplace may reduce the options available for this alternative. 6.2.5.4BRASS Brass alloys with a maximum of 65% copper content must not be used where acetylene is likely to come into direct contact. It is highly recommended that consultation with the laboratory staff is undertaken to ensure that the gas being supplied will meet with their requirements and the equipment being used. With permission.) All combustion calorimeters need a source of high-purity (>99.5%) oxygen. The cylinder will be installed in a dual cylinder safety cabinet (the nitrogen and argon will be co-located in the dual cabinet) as per the relevant clause of this specification. Any hydrocarbon concentration would indicate a plant fault or an air intake problem that would need to be resolved prior to commissioning. 6.6.5.4BRASS Brass is used in the manufacture of isolation, and control valves. As an example, a pump that is designed to remove 40 liters per minute of free air when operating at 60 kPa will need to extract approximately 100 liters per minute of rarefied air. The manifold and associated equipment used is similar to that used for other laboratory gases. A refined natural gas for commercial and industrial applications typically contains 87-96% of methane to meet the requirement for heating value in Joules per standard cubic meter (or Btu per standard cubic . An additional concern is at the termination of this exhaust pipeline where the gas is vented to atmosphere, the contact point with the atmosphere. Current vacuum constraints are more challenging requiring higher levels of vacuum and are often specific to meet the stipulations of particular equipment. 6.4.5.4BRASS Brass is used in the manufacture of isolation, and control valves. If available CE Certification from the manufacturer or the independent certified cleaning agent should be provided if not available certification from the manufacturers stating the level of residual non-volatile hydrocarbons that may be found should be provided. Propellants and explosives testing, as well as safety studies also require specialized combustion calorimeters. Purity levels specified by the laboratory must be met by the manifold supplier to ensure compatibility with the gas being piped. << /Length 5 0 R /Filter /FlateDecode >> 6.3.7.3 SYSTEM DEPENDABILITY Each gas system will have requirements that dictate the type of supply required; many laboratories require a permanent supply that will be online twenty for hours a day and seven days a week. Bacterial filters are used on the vacuum pipeline to prevent any microbial or particulate contamination from entering the vacuum pump or vessel and protect the exhaust from contamination. It is necessary to contact the manufacturer to confirm the suitability of the filters proposed and the conditions under which they operate. The lead/lag/standby roles of the vacuum pumps can be rotated to ensure even running time across the plant. Moisture is a variable that has two acceptable criteria; instrument air from high-pressure cylinders has an approximate moisture content below 67 ppm (the equivalent of an atmospheric dew point of minus 48 degrees C). Used for special instances; however, there is no advantage in the use of Stainless steel unless there is a specific compatibility or cleanliness issue that may corrupt the gas supply. Reasonable efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the authors, editors, and the publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. It must be remembered that this exhaust gas is at a similar temperature to the liquid and the exhaust pipeline should be manufactured from the same material as the pipeline. 2.2.8.1 MOISTURE REMOVAL When designing an instrument air plant, the selection of the compressor type for the installation poses additional variables. Cryogenic vessels are used for gaseous oxygen withdrawal only, which is piped directly to the point of use in the same manner as a cylinder supply. At this time there does not appear to be any data that offers definitive information about what types of units to use under what circumstances. These systems need a service that will provide notification to laboratory staff that the system gas supply is in its standard operating condition or has a depleted gas supply caused by usage or an equipment failure. The gas is an asphyxiant and is extremely toxic. Local alarm panels should incorporate all or some alarms for each gas directly connected to the laboratory gas systems and be able to indicate selected messages from sources such as the gas supply manifolds, instrument air, and suction plant. The cylinder will be connected to a high pressure point valve with flexible lead and be generally as detailed on the drawings. Pressure regulation control panels may be supplied by the gas manufacturer at the source. This noise can register in the AAS [24] and cause irregularities in the printout, this type are not suitable for laboratory use. Automatic changeover manifolds are used where continuity of supply is mandatory. However, calculations using the Darcy Weisbach formula [2123, 59] to calculate critical pipeline flows indicate that any increase that may occur is of little or no consequence in a laboratory gas pipeline. Valve manufacturers should be requested to confirm their range of purity levels for available types and the standard range of sizes. These research efforts may take place in academic, governmental, or industrial laboratories in businesses such as petroleum, petrochemical, chemical, polymer, pharmaceutical, biofuels, plant extractions, and hydrometallurgy (Figure 1.8). How many users will be online at the same time. It should be noted that this tube should have the same cleanliness level as certified oxygen clean tube. It may also be warranted to provide collection points at low points of the system. Unique, single frame architecture improves ease-of-use, provides convenient source access and enhanced serviceability. The largest standard Parr reactor has a capacity of 19 liters (5-US gallons) and is designed and rated for use to 13,000 kPa (1,900 psi) at 350C (Figure 1.10). An uncontrolled pressurized gas flow provides a source of energy that can accelerate particles and other small items to velocities that may cause physical injury to the user or other nearby individuals. LABORATORY GASES, TYPES, AND EQUIPMENT ENCOUNTERED. 260 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines As pressure levels increase so does the risk with piped oxygen, at any pressure in excess of 410 kPa oxygen-related design references must be used for the compatibility issues that will be encountered. The manual reset reverses the pressure settings that activate the IN USE and RESERVE functions of the manifold. (Source: Dr. Ralph Delmdahl, Coherent Laser Systems GmbH & Co. KG. An additional benefit of claw vacuum technology is the virtually maintenance-free operation due to the non-contact operating principle. Veecos award-winning GENxplor R&D MBE System uses Veecos proven GEN10 MBE system growth chamber design and features unmatched process flexibility, perfect for materials research on emerging technologies such as UV LEDs, high-efficiency solar cells and high-temperature superconductors. There are some units available that include a mechanical non-return valve that may create a noise as the valve opens and closes. The instrument air source can then be selected to suit the system, i.e., compressor plant or cylinder supply or a mixture of both. Information that must be included should have references to National Laws, Regulations, Standards, and International Standards that must be adhered to or are used as design references for the system. Note: It has been suggested that the use of this tube type will improve the flow characteristics of a pipeline. The gases required may vary depending on the site-specific requirements. Removal of unwanted liquids or contaminants. The design flow and system pressure should use a design safety margin normally set at 10% above the system working parameters. At the plant location plus provision of collection points at the lowest point of any pipeline risers or at the base of the main supply pipeline in a multi-floor supply riser, may be an advisable inclusion. Parr offers various calorimeters tailored for specific requirements and price ranges. Lighting. Regulators should be a dual stage with seats and seals manufactured from stainless steel. These can be controlled from local manually operated emergency push buttons and also interconnected to the fire trip system or any localized emergency gas monitoring system installed in the laboratory. A record of carbon dioxide use should be kept to avoid the possibility of exhausting the cylinder during flushing or brazing operations. B 31.8 S-2001 - 2002 - Managing System Integrity of Gas Pipelines: Incompatibility with some VOCs and chemicals used in laboratories. MMU\1Sy+kd9a c`l7v.{P/Gm-z4xG{Are^9o'YP2kx3j 3.1 Design criteria Hydrogen piping systems should be designed in accordance with the American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME) B31.12, Hydrogen Piping and Pipelines , other applicable codes and regulations, and the special requirements for hydrogen service [7]. The liquid is converted to gas at predetermined pressures for supply to the laboratory, this is accomplished in two steps. If there is a specific pressure required it can be provided by a local pressure regulator at the terminal outlet or at a central point in the laboratory if that is convenient, the pipeline, valves, and the pressure regulator must be sized to suit the maximum design flow required. 2.3.7.5 LOCALITY AND ATMOSPHERIC CONDITIONS The site conditions will vary considerably from installation to installation. It instructs design engineers, laboratory managers, and installation technicians on how to source the information and specifications they require for the . The design flow and system pressure should use a design safety margin normally set at 10% above the system working parameters. Most capillary columns are made of fused silica Laboratory Gases, Types, and Equipment Encountered 7 with a polyimide outer coating. Used when certified or gravimetric gases are required and cost can be a consideration. In their liquid state, these gases are stored at cryogenic temperatures (below 150C), oxygen at 183C, Argon at 186C, Nitrogen at 196C, and helium at 269C. (Source: Shimadzu Australasia. This chapter is specifically looking at the supply of gases using manifold cylinders with sufficient numbers to meet the demands of the system. Some laboratory bench mounted tapware is manufactured from brass with an external protective coating. It is essential to select the correct type pump as some models may have wear issues on the ends of the vanes that can create major inefficiencies resulting in flow and pressure losses over time. FIGURE 3.3 BROEN bench mounts single regulator outlet. 30 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines If multiple compressors are used in the design, they should be operated on a cyclic basis to ensure even wear of the units. Detailed analysis of the proposed use of the valve must be undertaken and a full specification for any valve must be provided. ANSI/AIAA G-095 Guide to Safety of Hydrogen and Hydrogen Systems. Used when certified or gravimetric gases are required and cost can be a consideration. Pressure gauges to indicate the current cylinder contents of both banks of cylinders. Stainless steel is recommended for high-pressure service where the copper tube is not suitable due to pressure limitations or availability. The changeover from the in use to the reserve cylinders is a manual operation and requires visual inspection of the gas supply on a regular basis. CHAPTER 1 LABORATORY GASES, TYPES, AND EQUIPMENT ENCOUNTERED 1.1INTRODUCTION The laboratory equipment that uses the gases piped through the laboratories is specific in its demands for UHP gas supplies to enable the sampling procedures to operate correctly and on a repetitive basis. Loss of consciousness may occur without warning in areas of oxygen concentration below 19%. Apple Academic Press. 2.2.7.6 FLOW REQUIREMENTS The system designer must take all of the above into consideration when specifying any equipment. This localized usage may create a demand that reduces the local pressure and causes a backflow into an adjacent laboratory or between that location and other areas with lower system demand. The outer tubing is usually made of stainless steel or glass. Automatic changeover manifolds are used where continuity of supply is mandatory. The "Hydrogen Economy" is drawing a lot of interest to pipelines. %PDF-1.5 % The opposite to that is the supply of the best quality vacuum pump in a situation where it will operate minimally under good operating conditions with regular maintenance and service may be unnecessary and a reasonable quality vacuum pump will adequately provide this service. It is self-regulating and controls the internal pressure at a predetermined level. Building construction & materials; Mechanical engineering, Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines: A Practical Reference for Engineers and Professionals. These alarms include all of the necessary functions for monitoring the gas supply manifolds and plant and may also accept alarm functions from other building services. Gas Data: Flammable and Toxic Gases 271 6.2.5.3 ELECTROPOLISHED STAINLESS STEEL TUBE The electropolished stainless steel tube is produced specifically for the electronics industry. They remove particulates to 0.01 microns with an efficiency of 99.9995%. It is highly recommended that consultation with the laboratory staff is undertaken to ensure that the gas being supplied will meet with their requirements and the equipment being used. The factors that determine which type of supply source will be optimal will depend on a number of elements. It is recommended that hard drawn or semi-hard copper tube is used for laboratory gas pipelines unless there are incompatibility issues or it is recommended otherwise. Care must be taken to ensure that any volatile lubricants or other contaminants that may enter the gas stream and contaminate the gas supply purity are specifically excluded. 1.4.1 REACTORS AND CALORIMETERS The information and pictures in this section are provided with the kind permission of Parr Instrument Company, Moline Illinois, USA. Importantly it is written in texbook style where each chapter is complete by itself in dealing with each specific gas and thereby not necessitating that each reader read the entire document. The pipeline design must not impact the gas in any way and thereby ensure the gas purity levels are unchanged when delivered at the outlet connection point. 2.3.3.3 BUSCH COBRA DRY SCREW VACUUM PUMP The ideal vacuum pump for many processes in the chemical industry and pharmaceutical industry as well as applications in other sectors of industry. As the liquid warms it will expand and fill the space and provide a level of insulation suitable for this type of installation. This temperature range must not fall below zero or freezing of the condensate will allow ice to form and blockages will occur in the pipeline. 5.10.9.2 LIQUID OXYGEN SUPPLY Liquid oxygen is a cryogenic gas and is available for high demand systems, cryogenic vessels are available in capacities ranging from 3,000 to 25,000 liters from the majority of the gas suppliers. It should be noted that this tube should have the same cleanliness level as certified oxygen clean tube. As the liquid level drops in the vessel, the head pressure needs to be maintained at the predetermined vessel pressure. 6.6.4REFERENCES Material Safety Data Sheets are available from the gas manufacturers that provide detailed information on this gas. Copied by James (Jim) Moody with the permission of Standards Australia under License 1703-c120.) A specification for each type is included for information and includes the recommended gas purity and characteristics of each type. Loss of consciousness may occur without warning in areas of oxygen concentration below 19%. It is a high-pressure gas with a cylinder pressure of 13,700 kPa at 15C. This may be due to restriction in the filter and must be below the maximum tolerances and in accordance with the pump manufacturers recommendations. It is recommended that certification from the manufacturer be sought for the cleanliness level noted by the relevant regulatory authority. 2.2.8.5 MONITORING OF THE AIR STREAM In some installations, it will be necessary to monitor the air stream for purity; monitors that measure the particulates, dew point, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide levels are readily available. Standard roll-in flap: The roll-in flap is unlocked using the latch at the side. 6. This can be accomplished relatively easily for most gas supply systems using manifold cylinders. 5.10.7 PRESSURE REQUIREMENTS Variable pressures are required depending on the application, e.g., oxygen bomb calorimeters may need in excess of 5,000 kPa depending on the model and type of calorimeter. -Low-pressure pipes, and -Intermediate-pressure pipes High-pressure pipes -Internal pressure is so high -It dominates the design. Stainless steel vacuum jacketed pipelines are generally manufactured in sections of various lengths which are evacuated and sealed prior to Laboratory Gas Supply: Plant and Equipment 69 delivery to the laboratory. As work progresses, the position of blanking caps may be changed to improve the flow of carbon dioxide into the brazing area. Mercury is unacceptable at any level. Their lubricantfree design makes them ideal for industrial applications in which rapid and reliable vacuum services are required (Figure 2.11). The cylinder will be installed in a single cylinder safety cabinet as per the relevant clause of this specification. (Source: Dr. Ralph Delmdahl, Coherent Laser Systems GmbH & Co. KG. As the demand for this type of equipment may be in the range of 50 to 200 mL/min, a 7,000-liters cylinder of gas would provide gas for a number of weeks. The pipeline Laboratory Gas Supply: Plant and Equipment 79 pressure and flow requirements of the system which must be determined at the design phase of the project. There are a considerable number of publications on this that are available for reference. The calculation needs to take into consideration are: Cut-in pressure and cut-out pressure and the volume of instrument air required from the compressors during the operating cycle. Acetylene in its gaseous state is unstable at pressures exceeding 101 kPa under most circumstances and may decompose violently without notice. 5.11.5 MATERIALS OF CONSTRUCTION 5.11.5.1 COPPER TUBE Copper tube is used in the majority of vacuum systems, the exemption is where there is the probability that non compatible substances may be in contact with the pipeline. Failure to observe the safety instructions can result in all guarantees and compensation claims becoming null and void. Any impurity in the gas stream can provide incorrect or false readings and thereby render any testing procedure unusable. Broken up into two logical parts, the book begins with . 312 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines Sample Specification SAMPLE ONLY TENDER SPECIFICATIONLABORATORY GASES SYSTEM Facility name and relevant details Contents SCOPE OF WORK 1. Used when certified or gravimetric gases are required and cost can be a consideration. 6 Pipelines Hydrogen pipelines have operated safely over scores of years. It instructs design engineers, laboratory managers, and installation technicians on how to source the information and specifications they require for the design and installation of laboratory gas systems suitable for their intended use. This indication must not interrupt the operation of the plant and is not cleared in the event of a power failure. Standards Australia Limited. Ventilate the space by applying forced ventilation. Reference to the ASTM G series documents provides additional information on this subject. Gas Data: Flammable and Toxic Gases. 267 7. The medical gas standards are also unsuitable for use with the oxidizing, flammable, and, in some instances toxic gases that are regularly encountered in laboratories. Water cooling plant is also an option that will need special consideration as water treatment will be necessary as well as the additional plant room floor space, cost, and safety concerns that go with it. Any increase in flow that may be provided in using this tube is less than 0.1% of the design flow rate, the use of oxygen cleaned unpolished stainless steel tube of the same size will not impact on the working pressure or design flow. The instrument air is connected to analytical equipment that may be able to provide information with exacting parameters. 6.2.7.3 SYSTEM DEPENDABILITY Each gas system will have requirements that dictate the type of supply required; many laboratories require a permanent supply that will be online twenty for hours a day and seven days a week. Oil flooded vane pumps operate to 99.5 kPa and screw vacuum pumps operate to 0.01 hPa. 10% methane in argon (P10) is an asphyxiant that can cause nausea and vomiting followed by a loss of consciousness and death. Contamination of the gas stream by the pipeline and equipment is an all too common problem, especially where inexperienced installation companies were employed for the work. It may be necessary to provide insulation of the exhaust pipeline for the full length to the termination, preferably at the building exterior. This standard covers the basis for design and layout of process, drilling and utility piping for offshore oil and/or gas production facilities. There are some units available that include a mechanical non-return valve that may create a noise as the valve opens and closes. 258 Design and Construction of Laboratory Gas Pipelines Water connection. The supply of cryogenic gas supplies for smaller installations may be available in a portable vacuum insulated vessels and is limited to argon, nitrogen, oxygen, and refrigerated carbon dioxide which may be suitable for facilities that require constant long-term demand systems using regulated flows. In practice, this means energy savings of up to 60% compared to conventional vacuum technology when operated at the same pumping speed (Figure 2.12). Any item of plant or pipe in the system could contaminate the gas and render it unacceptable for use. It may be necessary to consult with the manufacturer to confirm the pump type selected is suitable for the intended purpose and what if any additional safety features will be required. It is used in some high-pressure hoses for cylinder connections to manifolds; however, this tubing is reinforced with stainless steel outer braiding or similar protection. Note: The above gases may be supplied individually or as a premixed gas. The electropolished stainless steel tube is used to assist in the prevention of contamination due to outgassing where spontaneously combustible gases are piped and gases may be trapped in the pipe surface. To lessen this effect cryogenic pipeline manufacturers may be able to provide electronic heaters that reduce the build-up and are to be recommended for use when exhausting these gases. They allow users to study the energy content of various samples, by combusting the sample in an oxygen environment and measuring the energy liberated. International and National codes of practice and regulations governing the use of dangerous goods must be referenced. The devices located on the door of the panel, and within, should be laid out logically. The emission of esters used in the manufacture of the tube. Vacuum exhaust pipelines can cause burns through direct personal contact. 5.10.6.5BRASS Brass is used in the manufacture of isolation, and control valves. If there is a likelihood of carryover of VOCs from the pipeline, it is advisable to provide local condensers or filters in the laboratory prior to the connection to the pipeline. Prohibited use: The safety devices and features installed in the DUPERTHAL safety cabinet, e.g., shut-off dampers in the air ducts, interlocking elements, etc., must be in full working order and kept so at all times. There are no comprehensive single sources of technical references currently available in this market, states the author, and the generally supplied specifications provided to the construction industry are usually generic and not specifically targeted for the gases in use. This is achieved using a phase separator connected at a high point in the pipeline and as close to the point of use as possible. 5.11.5.4 SYNTHETIC TUBE If the synthetic tube is used for vacuum service it must be manufactured for use at vacuum pressures and may require increased wall thickness or internal reinforcement to prevent the pipe from collapsing when vacuum is applied. These should include sensors for low oxygen, all flammable gases, all toxic gases, and specific sensors for carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide [713]. Needle type valves suitably cleaned to the purity level of the gas supply are the optimal selection. Gas Piping for Laboratory Facilities Version 2.2016.0114 Design Standard Gas Piping for Laboratory Facilities Revisions Log: Version Date Description of changes/updates 2 January 14, 2016 Ad ed pre frredfixturecitation or science classroom gas turrets Purpose: Laboratory gas piping systems are an essential element of lab plumbing systems. These can be controlled from local manually operated emergency push buttons and also interconnected to the fire trip system or any localized emergency gas monitoring system installed in the laboratory. 6.6.5.2 STAINLESS STEEL Used for special instances; however, there is no advantage in the use of stainless steel unless there is a specific compatibility or cleanliness issue that may corrupt the gas supply. Vacuum constraints are more challenging requiring higher levels of vacuum and are often specific to meet the demands the... 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